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i am touched

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are you doing a kitchen are you going to

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do a free video kitchen

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you're looking forward to it you want

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those new cabinets in there but what's

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the best part best parts demolition

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that's the best part and that's what i

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get to do today i'm not going to sit

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there and talk about the electromagnetic

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theory of olfaction that i've done

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before in years past instead i am going

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to tear apart the current theory as it

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stands right now and i'm going to do so

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with the temporal evidence disproving

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the current theory of insectal faction

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temporal evidence evidence let's begin

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what do we have here here we have our

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resident insect up there that's a

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penitent stink bug it's got an antenna i

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think everybody knows or the science

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background knows that insect smell

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through their antenna if you get a

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close-up of the antenna you can see that

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there are these structures coming out

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those structures we know are involved in

26
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odorant detection and if you take a

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closer look at those structures you also

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see that they are hollow

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the pheromones these long chain fatty

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acids maybe have some difficulty saying

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that especially for some of my older

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friends it's another joke for you john

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alexander i'm going to zoom in on this

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right now so you can take a close look

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at the scencilla you can see that it is

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hollow the pheromones long chain fatty

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acids they come through these tiny pores

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10 to 15 nanometers they make a way

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through to the dendrites and boom

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boom that's when detection occurs at

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least that's what we're told

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so this is what they have to get through

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it's not just a matter of getting

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through these tiny pores it's a matter

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of getting through this uh very complex

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milieu so the pheromone hits the outside

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first thing it does it gets picked off

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by pheromone degrading enzymes for those

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that make it through the pores they have

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to get through the waxy layer then to

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the pores then they're going to be

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picked up by a pheromone binding protein

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the reason why

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it's a fatty acid and this is mostly

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water up here so because this is mostly

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water the fatty acids are just going to

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get stuck at these pores so they got to

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be picked off by the pheromone binding

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protein and then they can diffuse

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to get to the dendrite right here and

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the eventual receptors this is very very

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thick stuff just last month i went to a

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conference in sarasota someone told me

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this is like a gel

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that's how thick this stuff is just to

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give you an idea of what we're getting

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into right now because we're going to

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get into some complex uh

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equations here

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namely simple arithmetic

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but i wanted to start out with the early

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conclusions right now because i just

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told you that this is what the current

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theory says this is what the pheromone

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does

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but right now as of 2009 as i'm standing

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up here right now i can tell you that

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binding has not been shown

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classic pharmacology aside

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binding has not been shown so there's

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either two conclusions either one

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binding occurs

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or binding doesn't occur it doesn't get

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any simpler than that

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if binding does occur the technology

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just hasn't found a way to show it yet

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and if you talk to an entomologist

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another entomologist not this

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entomologist they will tell you that

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technology has not found it yet but

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binding will be shown just give us the

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right equipment we'll show it to you

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if binding does not occur detection of

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the pheromone must occur through some

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alternate means you know where i'm going

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to go if i go in that direction and i'm

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not going in that direction i'm going to

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assume right now that binding does occur

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and i'm going to see whether or not we

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can get that pheromone inside using

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logic

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reason and review the scientific

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literature

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here we go we've got seven steps to deal

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with

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time to adhere to the syncilla one time

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to diffuse through the wax layer once it

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lands on the scincilla three time to

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diffuse through those tiny pores that i

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discussed four

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time to actually bind the pheromone that

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pheromone binding protein which fairy

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boats it across

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five time to transport this same

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pheromone after it's been bound six time

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to dissociate

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from the pheromone that firearm binding

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protein in the pheromone and finally the

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time to activate the receptor what's my

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goal my goal is one to ten milliseconds

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why is it one to ten milliseconds did i

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just make this up am i trying to pull

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the wool over your eyes right now no i'm

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not go back to 1962. you can see we got

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a paper that says that from the time

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that a molecule an odorant a smelling

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molecule reaches the receptor the

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outside of the receptor the response on

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the inside is going to take about three

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milliseconds that was back in 1962. of

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course we have better equipment nowadays

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don't we there was another individual

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and it was actually during a

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presentation and i don't think it's been

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published yet but he went ahead and said

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that once it's been sensitized i think

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it could be done in less than one

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millisecond of course this raised some

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eyebrows

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wendell roloffs uh uh from my alma mater

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at cornell told me when i asked him i

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said how long does it take and he says

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well i'm not really sure and i said you

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know i'm trying to pinpoint him i said

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give me something i said is it 10

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milliseconds oh no no it's definitely

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less than 10 milliseconds i thought all

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right definitely less than 10

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milliseconds

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carl casling published in chemical

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census 2001 said it is 10 milliseconds

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i chatted with him recently in 2008 and

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said are we still sticking with this are

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we still at 10 milliseconds he says

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absolutely we're still at 10

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milliseconds i said fantastic now i've

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got something to work with

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so my goal is to get that to it in one

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to ten milliseconds if i have seven

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seven steps

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and i've got one millisecond to do it

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each step is going to be 0.1 to 0.2

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milliseconds if it's 10 milliseconds

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each step is going to be do the math a

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little over one millisecond are you

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following me here simple arithmetic

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that's all i'm doing here

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time to adhere to the syncilla i'm gonna

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call that time zero

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so the time that it takes is zero

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milliseconds

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so far so good second step time to

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diffuse through the wax this is a little

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more complicated some of you may know

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that i'm a competitive swimmer i've been

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around divers all my life so this is the

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example i'm going to use you may choose

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something different

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the diver goes off the platform 10

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meters high hits the water what happens

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he slows down

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good thing too because if he hit the

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bottom at the speed that he is going at

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about 40 miles per hour it's going to be

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really painful possibly even fatal he's

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only got four meters to slow down why

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because the air is not as viscous as the

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water so viscosity is a factor

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viscosity is also dependent upon the

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temperature well what do i mean by that

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well i think everyone knows who has a

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physics background knows that viscosity

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is dependent upon temperature let's just

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use two for example most competitive

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pools are about 80 degrees

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that's what we're swimming in that's

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what the divers are jumping into however

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if the temperature of the water were 20

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degrees how would the viscosity change

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well we've now had a state of matter

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change uh we're now no longer a liquid

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we're in a solid the diver would jump

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into this there'd be a problem as you

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can see right now that it's not

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necessarily a viscosity problem isn't

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that it's a state of matter problem that

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we have right now so based upon this

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logic and i hope you're following me

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right now and i'm not talking too fast

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if you take a look at the waxy layer

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because this is important to look at

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take a look at god bless you take a look

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at the waxy layer the waxy layer is not

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something that most people want to look

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at but i did find a few papers that

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looked at it and yes they went ahead and

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found on this desert beetle a tiny

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brionite

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a lot of waxes on the waxy layer for

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those of you who may not be autistic who

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haven't memorized all this right now

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i'll let you know right now and cut to

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the chase there's 118 waxes there 118 is

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a lot to look at in a 20 minute

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presentation it's not going to happen so

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what i'm going to do is i'm going to

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look at some of the waxes rather than

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all of the waxes let's focus in on just

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eight of them the eight that i'm

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focusing in on are the n alkanes these

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are the branched uh unbranched ones

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so there are lots of branched ones we

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saw a lot of those 110 of them but

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there's only eight that are n alkanes

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why am i looking at the n alkanes is

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this an arbitrary thing that i'm making

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up right now

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no i'm focusing on these n alkanes for a

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very specific reason the reason why i

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want to focus on these more than the

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others is because this is generally what

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most insect waxes are composed of

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so you will find the n alkanes in a

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higher amount than you will find the

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branched waxes and so if we take a look

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at them we could see their percentages

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of these particular n alkanes and this

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particular desert tenebrianide and these

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are the breakdown of them right now

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total over one-third of the waxes

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are contained in these eight waxes which

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means two-thirds of the insect waxes are

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in the remainder so therefore it would

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behoove me to take a look at these waxes

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in particular because they do seem to be

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most important especially the ones at 13

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so let's take a look at these well

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obviously what i want to look at is

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temperature i just got to finish telling

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you about temperature and viscosity and

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how this is related so i want to take a

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look at temperature right now what are

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the melting points of these particular

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waxes these particular n alkanes have

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melting points starting at 47 degrees

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celsius and going all the way up to 66

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degrees celsius

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so what what does this mean tom well

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work with me here there's a little bit

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more so if i take a look at these 118

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right now i know that most waxes have a

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melting point between 47 and 95 degrees

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celsius

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most insects are active between

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10 and 35 degrees

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celsius

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there's no overlap below their

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respective melting points waxes take on

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one of four different crystal structures

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platelets tubules films and rodlets i

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really don't care what they take on all

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i'm interested in right now is that

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they're crystalline or in a

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semi-crystalline state

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therefore the temperature at which

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insects are most active

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the waxy layer is in a semi-crystalline

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state

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is this a problem it is for our diver

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and it will be for the insects

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diffusion can only occur efficiently in

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gaseous or liquid states i hope i'm not

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telling you anything you don't know

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things don't diffuse quickly through

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solid materials it can happen but it